THE Pyramid of Giza,wonders of earth

An ancient life history,showing how far back history can stand on its own,built in the time of the first pharoah,when the isrealites were slaves.The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering present-day El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.

Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu, some Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was thus built as a tomb over a 10- to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years until Lincoln Cathedral was finished in 1311 AD. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by limestone casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place.

There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished. The so-called^[1] Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure. The main part of the Giza complex is a set of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile), three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even smaller "satellite" pyramid, a raised causeway connecting the two temples, and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles.

The Tiny Treasures of Niihau

Each winter, storm waves crash onto the bank of Hawaii's "Taboo Island," Niihau. Tremendous amounts of vacant, scaled down ocean snail shells are heaved shoreward by the waves and appear on specific shorelines. Niihau​—covering only 70 square miles [180 km2]—​is the littlest of the seven occupied Hawaiian Islands. How fitting, at that point, that this volcanic island ought to be home to a portion of the world's most minor treasures​—the choice shells of Niihau.

In contrast to Niihau's nearest neighbour island, Kauai, 17 miles [27 km] toward the upper east, Niihau is generally low-lying and bone-dry. In any case, for what reason is it called the Forbidden Island? Niihau is exclusive and shut to excluded guests. The independent occupants of the island have no focal power plant, no running water, no stores, and no mail station. With an end goal to protect their old culture, the 230 or so local Hawaiians who live there chat in the Hawaiian language. When they are not tending sheep and steers, most are engaged with tapping their "gold mine" of modest shells. *

During the warm Hawaiian winter months, families walk or bicycle down dusty streets to the immaculate shorelines and rough bays, where they spend long days gathering shells. When the shells are accumulated, they are spread out in the shade to dry. Afterward, they will be arranged, evaluated, and hung into fragile leis, or pieces of jewelry. On increasingly verdant islands, most leis are made of blooms. On Niihau, shells fill in as the "blossoms."

“Jewels” From the Sea

Shells have long been used as jewelry in Hawaii. In the late 18th century, seafaring explorers​—including Captain James Cook—​encountered shell ornaments here and wrote about them in their journals. They also brought back samples, some of which may have come from Niihau. As time went by, Niihau’s beguiling leis began to appear around the necks of Hawaii’s notable women, including dancers and even royalty. In the 20th century, thanks to curio shops, tourism, and soldiers who passed through Hawaii during World War II, these special “jewels” found a niche in a wider market. Today the lovely necklaces that once graced Hawaii’s nobility are worn by admirers in lands near and far.

The shells most often used in making Niihau leis are called momi, laiki, and kahelelani in Hawaiian. Variations in colour and pattern present an enjoyable challenge for the leimaker​—usually female—​who meticulously threads the shells into a work of art. Some 20 different varieties of pearly, oval-shaped momi are used, ranging from brilliant white to dark brown. When strung in the highly prized Lei Pikake style, the momi’s oillike sheen and small size​—only 3/8 of an inch [10 mm] in length—​produce leis that look much like strands of fragrant white jasmine, or pikake.

Multiple strands of glossy ricelike laiki often adorn brides in Hawaii. These lustrous shells vary in hue from pure white and ivory to yellowish beige, with some having brown striations. Kahelelani shells, perhaps named after an ancient Hawaiian chief, measure a mere 3/16 of an inch [5 mm] in length. These delicate, turban-shaped shells are the most difficult to string, and leis made from them are the most costly. They range in colour from deep burgundy to the rarest colour, hot pink, which fetches a price three times that of other colours.

Making a Niihau-Shell Lei

Once the lei-maker decides on a pattern, she removes all the sand from the shells and pierces them with a fine-pointed awl. Although she works carefully and skillfully, 1 out of 3 shell breaks. Thus, many extra shells must be on hand just to complete one lei, a process that may take years! To string the lei, she uses a nylon thread stiffened with fast-drying cement or beeswax. Traditionally, a small button-shaped shell, such as a sundial or a puka, is attached to each end of the strand, and one or two cowrie shells are added where the ends of the lei are joined together.

There are nearly as many ways of stringing leis as there are variations in the shells themselves. Styles include classic single-strung white momi leis ranging from 60 to 75 inches [150 to 190 cm] in length, rope leis consisting of hundreds of minute kahelelani shells, and garlands woven in symmetrical geometric patterns​—some with mixtures of shells and seeds. Lei making is painstaking, time-consuming, and eye-straining work. But the creative and patient Niihau artisans regularly create intricate leis of uncommon beauty. Each lei is unique, and it is easy to understand why they can rival precious gems and heirloom jewelry in value, some costing thousands of dollars.

Niihau may be relatively bare, sparsely populated, and tucked away in a remote corner of Hawaii. But thanks to its imaginative, artistic lei makers, people far beyond Niihau’s sunny shores can share the beauty of treasures of the “Forbidden Island.”

She Belonged to the Family of Caiaphas

Now and again, an archeological revelation legitimately or in a roundabout way affirms the presence of a Bible character. In 2011, for example, Israeli researchers distributed data with respect to a find that does as such. It is a 2,000-year-old entombment ossuary—an improved limestone chest into which the bones of an expired individual were set after the tissue had disintegrated.

This specific ossuary bears the engraving: "Miriam little girl of Yeshua child of Caiaphas, minister of Ma′aziah from Beth ′Imri." The Jewish devout cleric engaged with Jesus' preliminary and execution was Caiaphas. (John 11:48-50) Historian Flavius Josephus alludes to him as "Joseph, who was called Caiaphas." This ossuary obviously had a place with one of his relatives. Since the engraving on a recently discovered ossuary thought to have a place with the devout cleric himself calls him Yehosef bar Caiaphas, or Joseph, child of Caiaphas, * Miriam was identified with Caiaphas somehow or another.

As indicated by data given by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), Miriam's ossuary was seized from criminals who had ravaged an old tomb. The examination of this relic and its engraving affirm its legitimacy.

The ossuary additionally reveals to us something new. It alludes to "Ma′aziah," which was the remainder of the 24 holy divisions, or courses, serving in a revolution at Jerusalem's sanctuary. (1 Chron. 24:18) The engraving on this ossuary uncovers that "the Caiaphas family was identified with the Ma′aziah course," says the IAA.

The engraving additionally makes reference to Beth ′Imri. There are two potential elucidations of this piece of the engraving. "The main plausibility is that Beth ′Imri is the name of a consecrated family—the children of 'Immer (Ezra 2:36-37; Nehemiah 7:39-42) whose relatives incorporate individuals from the Ma′aziah course," says the IAA. "The second probability is [that Beth ′Imri is] the spot of the root of the perished or of her whole family." For any situation, Miriam's ossuary gives proof that the Bible talks about genuine individuals who had a place with genuine families.

Protecting an Ancient Gem From the Trash

WHAT rings a bell when you think about a refuse pile? You likely partner such a sight with reject and an unsavoury smell. So you would scarcely hope to discover anything of significant worth there, considerably less a precious pearl.

However, a century prior to a fortune of sorts was found in simply such a spot—the rubbish. The fortune was, not an exacting jewel, however something different of incredible esteem. What sort of fortune was revealed? For what reason is its disclosure critical to us today?

AN UNEXPECTED FIND

At the turn of the twentieth century, Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Chase, researchers at the University of Oxford, visited Egypt. There, among the trash piles near the Nile Valley, they found various papyrus parts. Afterward, in 1920, while the two associates were caught up with recording the accumulation, Grenfell procured some extra sections that had been delved up in Egypt. He obtained these for the benefit of The John Rylands Library in Manchester, England. In any case, the two men passed on before the list was done.

Colin H. Roberts, another researcher at Oxford University, finished the undertaking. While he was arranging the pieces, he detected a papyrus scrap estimating 3.5 by 2.4 inches (9 x 6 cm). Surprisingly, the Greek penmanship contained words that were natural to him. On one side were words are taken from John 18:31-33. The opposite side contained pieces of refrains 37 and 38. Roberts understood that he had discovered an invaluable pearl.

Deciding ITS AGE

Roberts presumed that this papyrus scrap was exceptionally old. Be that as it may, how old? To discover, he contrasted the penmanship on it and other dated old original copies—an order called paleography. * By applying this technique, he had the option to allow a surmised age. However, he needed no doubt. So he shot the section, sent duplicates of it to three papyrologists, and requested that they decide its age. What did these specialists finish up?

By examining the style of the content and the strokes, each of the three of the master researchers concurred that the section had been written in the primary portion of the second century C.E.— only a couple of decades after the messenger John's passing! Paleography, in any case, is certifiably not an idiot proof technique for dating original copies, and another researcher trusts that the content could have been composed whenever during the second century. However, this little piece of papyrus was—and still is—the most seasoned existing original copy section of the Christian Greek Scriptures that has ever been found.

WHAT THE RYLANDS FRAGMENT REVEALS

For what reason is this piece of John's Gospel so critical to admirers of the Bible today? For at any rate two reasons. Above all else, the configuration of the part gives us some understanding into how the early Christians esteemed the Scriptures.

In the second century C.E., composed content came in two configurations—the parchment and the codex. Parchments were bits of papyrus or material that were stuck or sewed together to shape one long sheet. This sheet could then be moved up and unrolled at whatever point required. Much of the time, just one side of parchment was utilized for composing.

In any case, the modest piece that Roberts found has penmanship on the two sides. This proposes it originated from a codex instead of a parchment. A codex was produced using sheets of material or papyrus that were sewn together and collapsed in an arrangement looking like a book.

What were the upsides of the codex over the parchment? All things considered, the early Christians were evangelizers. (Matthew 24:14; 28:19, 20) They spread the Bible's message any place they could discover individuals—in homes, in commercial centers, and in the city. (Acts 5:42; 17:17; 20:20) So approaching the Scriptures in a conservative organization was considerably more down to earth.

The codex additionally made it simpler for gatherings and people to make their own duplicates of the Scriptures. Hence, the Gospels were duplicated again and again, and this no uncertainty added to the fast development of Christianity.

A moment of the motivation behind why the Rylands section is imperative to us today is that it uncovers how dependably the first Bible content was transmitted. In spite of the fact that the section contains only a couple of stanzas from John's Gospel, its substance concurs precisely with what we read today in our own duplicates of the Bible. The Rylands piece in this way demonstrates the Bible has not been adjusted regardless of being replicated and recopied after some time.

Obviously, the Rylands section of John's Gospel is nevertheless one bit of proof among a large number of pieces and compositions that affirm the dependable transmission of the first Bible content. In his book The Bible as History, Werner Keller finished up: "These old [manuscripts] are the most persuading answer to all questions with regards to the validity and dependability of the content that we have in our Bibles today."

Genuine, Christians don't put together their confidence with respect to archeological finds. They trust that "all Scripture is roused of God." (2 Timothy 3:16) Nonetheless, how consoling it is when invaluable diamonds from the past affirm what the Bible has said up and down: "The idiom of Jehovah suffers everlastingly"!— 1 Peter 1:25.

Fulfilled Prophecy

Envision a climate forecaster who has a long record of being right​—without fail. On the off chance that he anticipated downpour, okay convey an umbrella?

The Bible is loaded up with expectations, or predictions. * Its record, as reported by history, is clear. Book of scriptures prescience is in every case right.

Recognizing highlights.

The book of scriptures predictions are frequently explicit and have been satisfied down to the littlest of subtleties. They typically include matters of extraordinary significance and foresee something contrary to what those living at the season of the composing may have been anticipating.

An exceptional model.

Deliberately assembled on the back of the Euphrates River, old Babylon has been classified as "the political, religious, and social focal point of the old Orient." About 732 B.C.E., the prophet Isaiah wrote an unfavourable prophecy​—Babylon would fall. Isaiah gave points of interest: A pioneer named "Cyrus" would be the hero, the defensive waters of the Euphrates would "evaporate," and the city's entryways would "not be closed." (Isaiah 44:27–45:3) Some 200 years after the fact, on October 5, 539 B.C.E., the prediction was satisfied in the entirety of its subtleties. Greek student of history Herodotus (fifth century B.C.E.) affirmed the way of Babylon's fall. *

An intense detail.

Isaiah made a further surprising expectation in regards to Babylon: "She will never be occupied." (Isaiah 13:19, 20) To foresee lasting devastation for a rambling city possessing a key area was intense to be sure. You would ordinarily expect that such a city would be revamped whenever demolished. In spite of the fact that Babylon waited on for some time after its success, Isaiah's words, in the long run, worked out as expected. Today the site of old Babylon "is level, hot, left and dusty," reports Smithsonian magazine.

It is magnificent to mull over the greatness of Isaiah's prediction. What he anticipated would be what might be compared to foreseeing the careful way in which a cutting edge city, for example, New York or London, would be devastated a long time from once in a while vehemently expressing that it could never again be possessed. Obviously, most surprising is the way that Isaiah's prediction materialized!

The Bible precisely predicted that a pioneer named Cyrus would vanquish compelling Babylon.

In this arrangement of articles, I have considered a portion of the proof that has persuaded millions regarding individuals that the Bible is dependable. They, hence, look to it as a dependable manual for direct their means.

Scientific Accuracy

Science has made extraordinary walks in present day times. Thus, old hypotheses have offered an approach to new ones. What was once acknowledged as actuality may now be viewed as a legend? Science course books regularly need an update.

The Bible isn't a science course reading. However, with regard to logical issues, the Bible is vital for what it says as well as for what it doesn't state.

Free of informal perspectives.

Many mixed up convictions increased wide acknowledgment in antiquated occasions. Perspectives about the earth ran from the possibility that it was level to the idea that unmistakable substances or items held it high up. Sometime before science found out about the spread and counteractive action of sickness, doctors utilized a few practices that were incapable, the best case scenario, deadly even from a pessimistic standpoint. Be that as it may, not once in it's in excess of 1,100 parts does the Bible underwrite any informal perspectives or unsafe practices.

Experimentally stable explanations.

Somewhere in the range of 3,500 years back, the Bible expressed that the earth is hanging "after nothing." (Job 26:7) In the eighth century B.C.E., Isaiah unmistakably alluded to "the circle [or, sphere] of the earth." (Isaiah 40:22) Round earth held in void space with no obvious or physical methods for support​—does not that depiction sound astoundingly current?

Expounded on 1500 B.C.E., the Mosaic Law (found in the initial five books of the Bible) contained sound laws in regards to isolating of the debilitated, treatment of dead bodies, and transfer of waste.​—Leviticus 13:1-5; Numbers 19:1-13; Deuteronomy 23:13, 14.

Mostly because of turning ground-breaking telescopes toward the sky, researchers have presumed that the universe had an unexpected "birth." Not all researchers like the ramifications of this clarification. One teacher noticed: "A universe that started appears to request the first reason; for who could envision such an impact without an adequate reason?" Yet, well before telescopes, the absolute first stanza of the Bible evidently expressed: "at the outset, God made the sky and the earth."​—Genesis 1:1.

Long ways relatively revolutionary, the Bible effectively expressed that the earth is roundabout and hangs "after nothing"

Despite the fact that it is an old book and addresses numerous subjects, the Bible contains no logical errors.

Outdated or Ahead of Its Time?

THE BIBLE IS NOT A SCIENCE TEXTBOOK, YET IT CONTAINS STATEMENTS THAT WERE WAY AHEAD OF THEIR TIME. Think about A FEW EXAMPLES.

Did the physical universe have a start?

Driving researchers once felt unequivocal that the appropriate response was no. Presently they, by and large, acknowledge that there was a starting to the universe. The Bible said that unmistakably all along.​—Genesis 1:1.

What is the state of the earth?

In old occasions, numerous individuals imagined that the earth was level. In the fifth century B.C.E., Greek researchers proposed that it was a circle. However, sometime before that​—in the eighth century B.C.E.​—the Bible essayist Isaiah alluded to "the hover of the earth," utilizing a word that may likewise be rendered "sphere."​—Isaiah 40:22; commentary.

Are the physical sky subject to rot?

Greek researcher Aristotle, of the fourth century B.C.E., trained that rot happens just on the earth, while the starry sky would never show signs of change or rot. That view won for a long time. However, in the nineteenth century, researchers planned the idea of entropy. It recommends that all issues, regardless of whether sublime or natural, will in general rot. One of the researchers who exceptional this idea, Lord Kelvin, noticed that the Bible says about paradise and earth: "Simply like an article of clothing they will all wear out." (Psalm 102:25, 26) Kelvin accepted as the Bible educates, that God could keep such rot from obliterating His creations.​—Ecclesiastes 1:4.

What holds up planets, for example, our earth?

Aristotle instructed that all the grand bodies were encased in crystalline circles, everyone settled firmly inside the following, with the earth deepest. By the eighteenth century C.E., researchers were tolerating the possibility that stars and planets may hang in a void. However, in the book of Job, of the fifteenth century B.C.E., we read that the Creator is "suspending the earth upon nothing."​—Job 26:7.

Prescription

THE BIBLE, THOUGH NOT A MEDICAL TEXTBOOK, CONTAINS SOME PRINCIPLES THAT REFLECT ADVANCED KNOWLEDGE OF HEALTH.

Segregating wiped out individuals.

The Mosaic Law endorsed keeping individuals with sickness separate from others. Not until the diseases of the Middle Ages did medicinal specialists figure out how to apply this standard, which is still esteemed effective.​—Leviticus, sections 13 and 14.

Washing in the wake of contacting a dead body.

Until late in the nineteenth century, doctors regularly chipped away at cadavers and afterward on living patients​—without washing their hands in the middle. That training caused numerous passings. However, the Mosaic Law expressed that any individual who contacted a dead body was ritualistically unclean. It even coordinated that water is utilized for formal purging in such cases. Those religious practices most likely had medical advantages as well.​—Numbers 19:11, 19.

Squander transfer.

Every year, over a large portion of a million youngsters, pass on of looseness of the bowels, generally due to presentation to human waste that isn't discarded appropriately. The Mosaic Law said that human waste ought to be covered, discarded far from human habitation.​—Deuteronomy 23:13.

Timing of circumcision.

God's Law stipulated that a male tyke ought to be circumcised on the eighth day of life. (Leviticus 12:3) In infants, the blood's capacity to cluster is comprehended to achieve ordinary dimensions after the primary week. In Bible occasions, before cutting edge medicinal medications were accessible, sitting tight for over seven days before circumcision was shrewd insurance.

The connection between passionate wellbeing and physical wellbeing.

Therapeutic specialists and researchers state that positive feelings, for example, bliss, expectation, appreciation, and an ability to excuse have some useful consequences for wellbeing. The Bible says: "A blissful heart is a great medication, yet a squashed soul saps one's strength."​—Proverbs 17:22.